Food Security

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PhD student (former)
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Joanne Gaskell comes from Vancouver, where she first developed her taste for the outdoors. She graduated with honors from Swarthmore College, with a Bachelor's Degree in Biology and Economics.

Prior to joining IPER she worked for two years at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Washington, D.C. as a Research Assistant in the Environment and Production Technology Division. Joanne's research addressed the impact of food production on the environment, and the contribution of environmental factors to food security. While at IFPRI, Joanne served as an author on the Food and Cultivated Systems chapters of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. She also co-authored a United Nations Hunger Task Force-commissioned paper on environmental and social correlates of child hunger in Africa.

Joanne's current research interests include biofuels, the value of genetic diversity to crop production systems and the water and nutrient implications of intensive livestock production. She is a member of Sigma Xi and a recipient of the Science Council of British Columbia's "Headed for Success" award.

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Full video of the Google.org course on poverty and development that Program on Global Justice Director Joshua Cohen moderated from September to November 2007 is now available online at YouTube.com.

The 10-week course, which focused on understanding poverty and development at the global, national, local, and personal levels, was the first of three courses on Google.org's main areas of philanthropic activity--Global Development, Global Health, and Climate Change.

The course on global poverty and development met once a week from Sep. 12 to Nov. 14, 2007 at Google headquarters. Each two-hour session featured guest speakers on development-related issues such as education and health, equitable financial markets, globalization, and population mobility. On Oct. 3, Rosamond L. Naylor, director of the Center on Food Security and the Environment (FSE) at FSI Stanford, co-taught a session on productive agriculture for the 21st century with Frank Rijsberman, Google.org director of water and climate adaptation issues.

Google.org is the philanthropic arm of Google and the umbrella for its commitment to devote employee time and one percent of Google's profits and equity toward philanthropy.

Course videos
9/12: Overture and Overview on Global Development
(Part 1)
9/12: Overture and Overview on Global Development
(Part 2)

 9/19: Poverty at the Personal Level
(Part 1)
9/19: Poverty at the Personal Level
(Part 2)

9/26: Education and Health, Equity and Gender10/3: Productive Agriculture for the 21st Century
10/17: Globalization10/24: Population Mobility: Immigration and Urbanization
10/31: Economic Growth11/7: Mapping the Major Organizations Engaged in Development
11/14: Think Globally, Act Googley 

 

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Honoring the legacy of their husband and father, William Wrigley, Julie Ann Wrigley '71 and Alison Wrigley Rusack '80, along with Alison's husband, Geoffrey Claflin Rusack, have joined together to endow a new senior fellowship that will span both the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the Woods Institute for the Environment.

Julie Wrigley and the Rusacks were motivated to provide permanent funding for an interdisciplinary faculty member as part of Stanford's multidisciplinary, cross-school efforts to conduct cutting-edge research on global environmental policy under the international and environmental initiatives of the university's current campaign, The Stanford Challenge.

On Tuesday, January 15, a celebratory dinner was held at FSI to introduce the inaugural recipient of the fellowship, Rosamond L. Naylor, and the fellowship donors, Julie Ann Wrigley, Alison Wrigley Rusack, and Geoffrey Claflin Rusack. "This is an extraordinary occasion for Stanford," said FSI Director Coit D. Blacker. "A family who cares deeply about the conditions of our global environment has with their gift brought together the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the Woods Institute for the Environment, providing permanent support for one of our most stellar, jointly appointed faculty members."

Rosamond (Roz) Naylor has served as the Julie Wrigley Senior Fellow at FSI and as a senior fellow at the Woods Institute. Currently, she is the director of the program on Food Security and the Environment; director of the Goldman Honors Program in Environmental Science, Technology, and Policy; and an associate professor of economics, by courtesy. She also teaches courses on the world food economy and sustainable agriculture for the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Environment and Resources. Her research focuses on the environmental and equity dimensions of intensive food production.

Walter P. Falcon, the Helen Farnsworth Professor of Agricultural Policy, Emeritus, and Buzz Thompson, the Perry L. McCarty Co-Director of the Woods Institute for the Environment, also spoke at the dinner, as did Julie Wrigley and Alison Wrigley Rusack.

In giving her personal thanks to the donors, Naylor said that she was "honored to be the first holder of this position, because it marks a new era at Stanford--one in which interdisciplinary research is valued and multi-institutional collaborations are encouraged... It is an unconventional position, donated by a family of highly innovative individuals."

William Wrigley, to whom this fellowship is a tribute, believed strongly in protecting the environment for future generations. Building on the vision of his father and grandfather, he worked tirelessly at guiding the Santa Catalina Island Conservancy in its mission of restoring, preserving, and sharing that unique and beautiful place. His leadership on Catalina, including the expansion of the Philip K. Wrigley Marine Science Institute, led him to broaden his conservation role through the establishment of the USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies. He was also a board member of the Peregrine Fund. An unassuming man, William Wrigley didn't see his efforts as anything extraordinary. That he managed to create a lasting environmental legacy while running the multinational chewing gum manufacturer, the William Wrigley Jr. Co., told the world otherwise. The William Wrigley Senior Fellow will carry on in his honor--to William Wrigley, to his family, and to Stanford University.

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Researchers at FSE and the Carnegie Institute at Stanford have been awarded $1.2 million by Stanford's Global Climate and Energy Project (GCEP) for a four-year study of the effect of biofuels expansion on climate. Biofuels are often promoted as a multi-faceted solution to the world's energy and environmental problems, capable of reducing our dependence on petroleum while simultaneously lessening our impact on global climate. And although much of the research and media coverage of biofuels has focused to date on narrow questions surrounding biofuels technologies and their production efficiencies, the effects of land conversion as a result of expanded biofuels production could arguably have much much greater effects on global climate. The GCEP-funded work seeks to quantify how such land use change affects the net impact of biofuels on climate. Principal investigators include Roz Naylor and David Lobell of FSE, and Chris Field and Greg Asner of the Carnegie Institute.

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This is the story of a powerful historical pathway of structural transformation that is experienced by all successful developing countries; of highly important and diverse approaches to coping with the political pressures generated along that pathway; and of policy mechanisms available to keep the poor from falling off the pathway altogether.  This structural transformation involves four main features: a falling share of agriculture in economic output and employment, a rising share of urban economic activity in industry and modern services, migration of rural workers to urban settings, and a demographic transition in birth and death rates that always leads to a spurt in population growth before a new equilibrium is reached.

At one level, the story is easy to tell because the statistical picture presented, both graphically and econometrically, is, well, telling.  In their broad sweep and relevance, these are very robust results that have very deep historical roots.  Challenging them is like challenging the tides.

At another level, the complexity of national diversity asserts itself in very important ways.  This finding does not alter the pathways themselves, but rather their consequences for income distribution and the gap in labor productivity between urban and rural economies.  We learn a lot about the possibilities for narrowing this gap during the process of structural transformation by comparing the historical experience of rapidly growing Asia with the rest of the world.  Individual country experience is revealing as well.  The stress placed on this productivity gap, how it changes during the structural transformation, and potential policy interventions to narrow it, is the major contribution of this monograph.

Making sure the poor are connected to both the structural transformation and to the policy initiatives designed to ameliorate the distributional consequences of rapid transformation has turned out to be a major challenge for policy makers over the past half century.  There are successes and failures, and the historical record illuminates what works and what does not.  Trying to stop the structural transformation does not work, at least for the poor.  Investing in the capacity of the poor to cope with change and to participate in its benefits through better education and health does seem to work.  Such investments typically require significant public sector resources and policy support, and thus depend on political processes that are themselves conditioned by the pressures generated by the structural transformation.

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Wendt Lecture, American Enterprise Institute
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Peter Timmer
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FSE is excited to welcome Peter Timmer as FSE Visiting Professor. Prior to joining FSE, Timmer was a resident fellow at the Center for Global Development in Washington, and prior to that, Dean of the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at UC San Diego. Timmer has also held professorships at Harvard, Cornell, and Stanford. In 1992, he received the Bintang Jasa Utama (Highest Merit Star) from the Republic of Indonesia for his contributions to food security. He served as the chief outside advisor to USAID in developing their strategy on growth and agriculture for the Natsios Report (Foreign Assistance in the National Interest), and was one of the key advisors for the World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Timmer's work focuses on three broad topics: the nature of "pro-poor growth" and its application in Indonesia and other countries in Asia; the supermarket revolution in developing countries and its impact on the poor (both producers and consumers); and the structural transformation in historical perspective as a framework for understanding the political economy of agricultural policy.

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FSE is very pleased to announce that David Lobell will be joining the program full time as a Senior Research Scholar, effective January 1 2008. Lobell is a world expert on the interactions between climate and agriculture, and his research attempts to use modern observational and computing capabilities (remote sensing, GIS, climate and crop models) to improve food security and reduce environmental impacts of food production. He is currently a post-doc at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and received his PhD in Geological and Environmental Sciences from Stanford in 2005.
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The integration of the agricultural and energy sectors caused by rapid growth in the biofuels market signals a new era in food policy and sustainable development. For the first time in decades, agricultural commodity markets could experience a sustained increase in prices, breaking the long-term price decline that has benefited food consumers worldwide. Whether this transition occurs, and how it will affect global hunger and poverty, remain to be seen. Will food markets begin to track the volatile energy market in terms of price and availability? Will changes in agricultural commodity markets benefit net food producers and raise farm incomes in poor countries? How will biofuels-induced changes in agricultural commodity markets affect net consumers of food? At risk are over 800 million food-insecure people, mostly in rural areas and dependant to some extent on agriculture for incomes, who live on less than $1 per day and spend the majority of their incomes on food. An additional 2 to 2.5 billion people living on $1 to $2 per day are also at risk, as rising commodity prices could pull them swiftly into a food-insecure state.

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Environment
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Rosamond L. Naylor
Marshall Burke
Walter P. Falcon
Scott Rozelle
Kenneth Cassman

Center on Food Security and the Environment
Encina Hall East, E400
Stanford, CA 94305

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Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Development Studies, Emeritus, Harvard University
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C. Peter Timmer was a visiting professor at Stanford's Center on Food Security and the Environment in 2007. He is a leading authority on agriculture and rural development who has published widely on these topics. He has served as a professor at Stanford, Cornell, three faculties at Harvard, and the University of California, San Diego, where he was also the dean of the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. A core advisor on the World Bank's World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development, Timmer also works with several Asian governments on domestic policy responses to instability in the global rice market. In 1992, he received the Bintang Jasa Utama (Highest Merit Star) from the Republic of Indonesia for his contributions to food security. He is an advisor to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation on agricultural development issues.

Timmer's work focuses on three broad topics: the nature of "pro-poor growth" and its application in Indonesia and other countries in Asia; the supermarket revolution in developing countries and its impact on the poor (both producers and consumers); and the structural transformation in historical perspective as a framework for understanding the political economy of agricultural policy. 

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